Abstract: From 2022 to 2023, experiments were conducted on 10-year Myrica Rubra ‘Zaoxian’ in Xiaoshan, Zhejiang province to evaluate difference of phenological phase, leaf morphology and fruit quality under protected and open air cultivation. The results showed that growth stages under protection cultivation were earlier than that in open air （stages included flowering, young fruit, hard-core, white-turning, red-turning, initial harvest, maturity, and final harvest）. Under protected cultivation, the maturity stage was 20 days earlier than that in open air, and the harvesting stage was as long as 19 days, 8 days longer than that in open air. Protected cultivation could increase relative content of chlorophyll in leaves, as well as leaf length and leaf area. Single fruit weight, soluble solids, and total sugar content reached 17.8 g, 14.2% and 53.1 mg/g, significantly higher than those in open air, while the total acid content decreased significantly. Under protected cultivation, the pre-harvest fruit dropping rate decreased by about 26.8% and the commercial fruit rate increased by 28.9%.