Study on Balanced Fertilization Effect of Middle-Aged Teak Forest in Southwestern Yunnan Province
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摘要:目的
探讨不同肥料种类和施用量对柚木Tectona grandis中龄林生长的影响。
方法以33 a生柚木人工林为研究对象，采用U*12（1210）均匀试验设计，以有机肥、复合肥、硼砂、硫酸锌、硫酸镁和石灰开展混施试验，根据施肥2 a后的试验结果，采用有机肥、复合肥、硫酸镁和缓释肥对其中第1次施肥试验6个重复中的3个重复进行第2次施肥，连续观测4 a。
结果（1）施肥4年后，处理组合的林木胸径和材积总增长率分别为3.4%～6.7%和6.9%～16.0%，对照则分别为3.8%和7.7%，胸径和材积增长率最高的处理组合分别较对照提高89.6%和88.0%，但各处理间差异不显著（P>0.05）。（2）施肥1次后的第1年，硫酸镁和复合肥对柚木胸径生长具有极显著影响（P<0.01），增加有机肥的施用量提高了林木胸径生长，不同硼砂和硫酸锌施用量对林木胸径生长影响较小，施石灰抑制了林木生长；施肥第2年，仅施硫酸镁可显著促进林木胸径生长（P<0.05）。施肥2次，不同肥料均对胸径生长无显著的影响（P>0.05）。（3）施1次和2次肥后当年的胸径生长量均高于次年，肥效随时间降低，施肥2次略优于施1次，但不明显。（4）效益分析结果表明，适宜的处理组合投入产出比达1∶3.5，施肥2次降低效益。
结论柚木中龄林施肥可促进林木生长，最优处理组合为每10 cm胸径施有机肥2 kg，复合肥0.25 kg，硼砂5 g，硫酸锌10 g和硫酸镁5 g。
Abstract:ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of different fertilizer types and application rates on the growth of middle-aged teak (Tectona grandis) forests.
MethodA 33-year-old teak plantation was selected for the study, and a mixed fertilizer application experiment was conducted using the U12(1210) uniform experimental design. Fertilizers tested included organic fertilizer, compound fertilizer, borax, zinc sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and lime. Based on the results after two years of fertilization, organic fertilizer, compound fertilizer, magnesium sulfate, and slow-release fertilizer were applied again to three replicates for a second round of fertilization. Growth data were observed continuously for four years.
Result1. After four years, the growth rates of diameter at breast height (DBH) and volume in the treatment groups ranged from 3.4% to 6.7% and 6.9% to 16.0%, respectively, compared to 3.8% and 7.7% in the control group. The highest treatment growth rates for DBH and volume were 89.6% and 88.0% greater than those of the control, but differences among treatments were not statistically significant (P>0.05). 2. In the first year after the initial fertilization, magnesium sulfate and compound fertilizer significantly promoted DBH growth (P<0.01). Increasing organic fertilizer application also enhanced DBH growth, while variations in borax and zinc sulfate application rates had minimal effects. Lime application inhibited growth. In the second year, only magnesium sulfate significantly improved DBH growth (P<0.05). During the second fertilization round, none of the treatments showed significant effects on DBH growth (P>0.05). 3. Fertilization in the first year generally resulted in greater DBH growth compared to subsequent years, with the effect diminishing over time. Single applications outperformed double applications in the first year, but over the entire study period, double applications produced slightly better results. 4. Cost-benefit analysis indicated that appropriate fertilization treatments achieved a benefit ratio of 1∶3.5. However, doubling the fertilization frequency reduced economic benefits.
ConclusionFertilization of middle-aged teak forests effectively promotes tree growth. The optimal treatment combination per 10 cm DBH is 2 kg organic fertilizer, 0.25 kg compound fertilizer, 5 g borax, 10 g zinc sulfate, and 5 g magnesium sulfate.
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Keywords:
- Tectona grandis /
- middle-aged plantation /
- fertilization /
- large diameter timber /
- benefits analysis
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图 1 施肥1 a和2 a后处理组合的胸径增长率
Figure 1. The diameter growth rate after 1 and 2 years of fertilization treatments
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图 2 施肥1 a和2 a后因素水平对胸径增长率的影响
Figure 2. The effects of different levels of factors on diameter growth rate after 1 and 2 years of fertilization
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图 3 施肥2次后处理组合的胸径生长
Figure 3. The diameter growth of treatments after fertilizer two times
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图 4 施肥3 a和4 a后因素水平对胸径增长率的影响
Figure 4. The effects of different levels of factors on diameter growth rate after 3 and 4 years of fertilization
表 1 土壤理化性质
Table 1 The characteristic of physical and chemical of stand soils
土层/
cm含水率/
%容重/
（g·cm−3）pH 有机质/
（g·kg−1）全氮/
（g·kg−1）全磷/
（g·kg−1）全钾/
（g·kg−1）速效氮/
（mg·kg−1）速效磷/
（mg·kg−1）速效钾/
（mg·kg−1）0～20 24.90 1.66 5.50 44.1 1.8 0.5 10.8 111.5 5.0 127.9 20～40 22.09 1.73 5.28 27.3 1.2 0.4 13.2 83.4 2.5 76.3 平均 23.50 1.70 5.39 35.7 1.5 0.4 12.0 97.4 3.8 102.1 
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表 2 两次施肥试验的因素水平表
Table 2 The levels of experiment factors for twice fertilization test
水平 第1次施肥 第2次施肥 A-有机肥/kg B-复合肥/kg C-硼/g D-锌/g E-镁/g F-生石灰/kg G-湿有机肥/kg B-复合肥/kg H-缓释肥/kg E-镁/g 1 1 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 2.5 2 1.5 0.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.5 3.6 0.5 0.25 5 3 2 1 5 5 5 1 7.2 1 0.5 7.5 4 2.5 2 10 10 10 1.5 10.8 1.5 1 10 注：试验所采用的肥料，除湿有机肥（牛粪堆肥）按株施外，其余均按10 cm胸径计算单株施肥量。
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表 3 两次施肥的U*12（1210）均匀试验设计
Table 3 The U*12（1210） uniform experiment design for twice fertilization test
处理 1-A/G 2-B 3 4 5 6-C 7-D/H 8-E 9-F 10 处理组合（1次施肥/2次施肥） 1 1-A1 2-B2 3 4 5 6-C2 8-D4 9-E1 10-F2 12 A1B2C2D4E1F2/G1B2H4E1 2 2-A2 4-B4 6 8 10 12-C4 3-D3 5-E1 7-F3 11 A2B4C4D3E1F3/G2B4H3E1 3 3-A3 6-B2 9 12 2 5-C1 11-D3 1-E1 4-F4 10 A3B2C1D3E1F4/G3B2H3E1 4 4-A4 8-B4 12 3 7 11-C3 6-D2 10-E2 1-F1 9 A4B4C3D2E2F1/G4B4H2E2 5 5-A1 10-B2 2 7 12 4-C4 1-D1 6-E2 11-F3 8 A1B2C4D1E2F3/G1B2H1E2 6 6-A2 12-B4 5 11 4 10-C2 9-D1 2-E2 8-F4 7 A2B4C2D1E2F4/G2B4H1E2 7 7-A3 1-B1 8 2 9 3-C3 4-D4 11-E3 5-F1 6 A3B1C3D4E3F1/G3B1H4E3 8 8-A4 3-B3 11 6 1 9-C1 12-D4 7-E3 2-F2 5 A4B3C1D4E3F2/G4B3H4E3 9 9-A1 5-B1 1 10 6 2-C2 7-D3 3-E3 12-F4 4 A1B1C2D3E3F4/G1B1H3E3 10 10-A2 7-B3 4 1 11 8-C4 2-D2 12-E4 9-F1 3 A2B3C1D2E4F1/G2B3H2E4 11 11-A3 9-B1 7 5 3 1-C1 10-D2 8-E4 6-F2 2 A3B1C1D2E4F2/G3B1H2E4 12 12-A4 11-B3 10 9 8 7-C3 5-D1 4-E4 3-F3 1 A4B3C3D1E4F3/G4B3H1E4
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表 4 施肥4 a间处理组合的胸径和材积生长变化
Table 4 The changes in diameter and volume growth vary among treatments over 4 years of fertilization
处理
组合胸径/cm 树高/m 材积/m3 施肥前 施肥1a后 施肥2a后 施肥3a后 施肥4a后 总增长量 总增长率/% 施肥前 施肥前 施肥1a后 施肥2a后 施肥3a后 施肥4a后 总增长量 总增长率/% 1 37.6±3.2 38.0±3.4 38.4±3.5 38.8±3.7 38.9±3.7 1.3±0.6 3.4±1.5 15.7±1.8 1.1±0.2 1.1±0.3 1.1±0.3 1.1±0.3 1.2±0.3 0.1±0.0 6.9±3.1 2 32.9±3.8 33.3±3.8 33.7±4.0 34.2±4.3 34.6±4.3 1.7±1.2 5.1±3.5 16.6±1.5 0.9±0.2 0.9±0.2 0.9±0.2 0.9±0.2 1.0±0.2 0.1±0.1 10.7±7.4 3 34.4±5.7 34.8±5.7 35.3±5.9 35.7±5.9 36.3±6.0 1.9±1.0 5.4±2.9 16.3±0.4 0.9±0.3 1.0±0.3 1.0±0.3 1.0±0.2 1.0±0.3 0.1±0.1 11.2±6.1 4 32.6±4.6 33.1±4.7 33.3±4.7 33.7±4.7 34.3±4.5 1.8±0.5 5.5±1.7 16.7±2.0 0.9±0.3 0.9±0.3 0.9±0.3 0.9±0.3 1.0±0.3 0.1±0.0 11.4±3.5 5 33.4±6.5 33.9±6.7 34.2±6.7 34.4±6.7 34.7±7.0 1.3±0.8 3.7±2.2 16.4±1.4 0.9±0.4 0.9±0.4 1.0±0.4 1.0±0.4 1.0±0.4 0.1±0.1 7.5±4.7 6 35.3±6.8 35.8±6.8 36.1±7.1 36.4±7.0 36.8±7.2 1.6±0.8 4.4±2.2 16.3±1.2 1.0±0.4 1.0±0.4 1.0±0.4 1.1±0.4 1.1±0.4 0.1±0.1 9.0±4.8 7 34.4±5.6 35.4±5.5 36.1±5.7 36.6±5.7 37.0±5.9 2.6±1.0 7.7±2.8 17.0±1.4 1.0±0.2 1.0±0.2 1.1±0.3 1.1±0.3 1.1±0.3 0.2±0.1 16.0±6.0 8 32.7±7.1 33.5±7.1 34.0±7.0 34.4±6.8 34.7±6.8 2.0±0.7 6.7±3.4 16.4±1.9 0.9±0.4 0.9±0.4 0.9±0.4 1.0±0.4 1.0±0.4 0.1±0.0 13.9±7.3 9 33.7±6.9 34.3±6.9 34.8±6.7 35.0±6.6 35.3±6.4 1.6±0.9 5.2±3.3 18.7±1.5 1.1±0.5 1.1±0.6 1.1±0.6 1.2±0.6 1.2±0.5 0.1±0.0 10.8±7.0 10 30.6±3.6 31.4±3.4 31.9±3.4 32.2±3.4 32.6±3.4 2.0±0.8 6.7±2.9 16.8±1.6 0.8±0.2 0.8±0.2 0.8±0.2 0.8±0.2 0.9±0.2 0.1±0.0 13.9±6.3 11 34.6±4.0 35.4±4.3 35.7±4.3 36.2±4.4 36.6±4.5 1.9±0.9 5.5±2.2 17.3±1.3 1.0±0.2 1.0±0.2 1.1±0.2 1.1±0.2 1.1±0.2 0.1±0.1 11.4±4.6 12 37.9±6.5 38.7±6.4 39.3±6.2 39.7±6.1 40.1±6.0 2.2±1.3 6.3±4.6 16.7±1.7 1.2±0.5 1.2±0.5 1.3±0.5 1.3±0.5 1.3±0.5 0.1±0.1 13.2±10.2 对照 37.8±4.0 38.1±4.1 38.6±4.2 39.0±3.9 39.2±3.8 1.4±0.5 3.8±1.5 16.2±1.6 1.1±0.2 1.1±0.2 1.2±0.2 1.2±0.2 1.2±0.2 0.1±0.0 7.7±3.1 平均 34.4±5.4 35.1±5.4 35.5±5.5 35.9±5.5 36.2±5.5 1.8±0.9 5.3±2.9 16.7±1.6 1.0±0.3 1.0±0.3 1.0±0.3 1.1±0.3 1.1±0.3 0.1±0.1 11.0±6.1 注：文中的图与表，若处理组合间的指标在95%置信区间呈显著差异，标注小写字母，若在99%置信区间呈极显著差异，则同时标注大小写字母，若处理组合的指标无显著差异，将不作多重比较，下同。
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表 5 施肥1次和施肥2次后的经济效益分析
Table 5 The economy benifit analysis of fertilizer 1 and 2 times
处理组合 1次施肥2 a后 2次施肥1.5 a后 单株材积增量/m3 价值增量/元 施肥成本/元 投入产出比 材积增量/m3 价值增量/元 施肥成本/元 投入产出比 1 0.05 277 177 1.6 0.03 194 307 0.6 2 0.05 282 327 0.9 0.05 281 243 1.2 3 0.05 295 215 1.4 0.05 329 191 1.7 4 0.04 241 330 0.7 0.05 330 212 1.6 5 0.04 234 175 1.3 0.03 192 76 2.5 6 0.05 312 349 0.9 0.04 237 132 1.8 7 0.09 569 165 3.5 0.06 350 314 1.1 8 0.07 401 250 1.6 0.03 208 316 0.7 9 0.07 403 160 2.5 0.03 160 178 0.9 10 0.07 394 205 1.9 0.04 218 154 1.4 11 0.07 397 174 2.3 0.05 293 142 2.1 12 0.08 505 287 1.8 0.05 318 143 2.2 对照 0.05 294 0 − 0.03 194 0 − 平均 0.06 354Aa 235 1.7 0.04 254Bb 201 1.5
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