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贵州省土壤侵蚀时空分布特征及影响因素研究

Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Soil Erosion in Guizhou Province

    摘要
  • 摘要: 贵州省是中国西南喀斯特地区的主体和中心，土壤侵蚀与石漠化极其严重，同时，不同喀斯特地貌类型下的土壤侵蚀特征又存在差异。本研究以贵州省为研究区，基于不同喀斯特地貌类型特点，改进通用水土流失方程模型 （RUSLE），分析2010—2020年贵州土壤侵蚀时空演变，确定喀斯特不同地貌类型下土地利用和地形对土壤侵蚀影响的差异。结果表明：2010—2020年，土壤侵蚀量呈增加趋势，大部分地区属于微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀类型。贵州平均年土壤侵蚀量为18.52 t·hm−2·a−1，最大值达393.29 t·hm−2·a−1；2015年为最大侵蚀年（26.96 t·hm−2·a−1），2011年侵蚀最小（9.23 t·hm−2·a−1）。利用地理探测器方法识别贵州土壤侵蚀的主导因子和交互因子，土地利用与坡度的相互作用在土壤侵蚀中起主导作用。岩溶槽谷地貌土壤侵蚀量最高（22.32 t·hm−2·a−1），岩溶高原最低（15.80 t·hm−2·a−1）。耕地、灌木林、疏林地在岩溶槽谷下土壤侵蚀量分别达到31.05、19.62、16.97 t·hm−2·a−1。相同喀斯特地貌类型下，土壤侵蚀量与坡度呈正比，但土壤侵蚀对坡度的响应因喀斯特地貌而异，岩溶峡谷对坡度的响应明显大于其他喀斯特地区，大于25°坡度的平均土壤侵蚀量比小于5°坡度的土壤侵蚀量增加了97.48%，其他喀斯特地区增加60.00%～80.00%。本研究探明了喀斯特地区不同地貌类型区及土地利用方式对土壤侵蚀的影响，对喀斯特地区有效控制土壤侵蚀具有重要的理论与实践意义。

     

    Abstract: Guizhou Province, the core of the karst area in southwestern China, is a region characterized by severe soil erosion and rocky desertification, where the characteristics of soil erosion vary across different karst landform types. Taking Guizhou Province as the study area, this study focused on the analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution of soil erosion in Guizhou from 2010 to 2020 by improving the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation（RUSLE）on the basis of the features of different karst landforms, and to determine the differences in the effects of land use and topography on soil erosion under various karst landform types. The results showed that soil erosion in Guizhou had an increasing trend from 2010 to 2020, with most areas classified as slight and mild erosion. The highest annual erosion （26.96 t·hm−2·a−1）occurred in 2015, and the lowest （9.23 t·hm−2·a−1）in 2011. The leading factors and interactive factors of soil erosion were identified by the geographic detector method, with the interaction between land use and slope playing a predominant role. Among the landform types, the highest erosion rate was observed in karst trough valleys（22.32 t·hm−2·a−1）, while the lowest in karst plateaus（15.80 t·hm−2·a−1）. Under the karst trough valley landform, the soil erosion rates for cultivated land, shrubland, and sparse woodland reached 31.05, 19.62 and 16.97 t·hm−2·a−1, respectively. Within the same karst landform type, the erosion increased with the slope, however, the responses of soil erosion to slope differed depending on the changing karst landforms.The response of the karst gorge to slope was significantly stronger than ones in other karst regions. Compared with the average soil erosion on slopes below 5°, that on slopes exceeding 25° increases by 97.48%, those in other karst regions increased by 60.00% to 80.00%. This study elucidates the effect of landform types and land use on soil erosion in karst regions, which is of important theoretical and practical significance for effective erosion control in these regions.

     

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