Abstract: Ancient trees are rare resources with unique ecological and cultural significance in the plant kingdom, whose longevity is an important achievement of long-term evolution and environmental adaptation of plants. The study of the longevity of ancient trees contributes to a deeper analysis of the biological mechanism of plant longevity, and is also beneficial for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage, providing a scientific basis for the protection and ecosystem management of ancient trees. Reviewing the research progress of ancient tree longevity from four dimensions, social factors, natural factors, physiological traits and genetic characteristics, the paper aims to analyze the reasons for the longevity of ancient trees in multi-dimensional, multi-angle and multi-disciplinary mode, thereby providing a valuable reference for the protection of ancient trees and the study of plant longevity mechanism.