Analysis of Avian Community Species and Functional Diversity in Different Habitat Types: A Case Study of Tonglu County and Xiaoshan District

Tonglu County and Xiaoshan District located in the “Three Rivers and Two Banks” area of Hangzhou were selected as the study regions for the analysis of alpha and beta diversity and functional diversity of avian communities across eight habitat types. The results showed that the species diversity (166 species) and functional diversity in Tonglu County were higher than those in Xiaoshan District (127 species). Shrub-grass lands possessed the highest species diversity with Shannon-Wiener index 3.52 in Tonglu, 2.95 in Xiaoshan, while the highest functional diversity occurred in farmlands, and the lowest functional redundancy existed in stream-pond habitats with Rao’s quadratic entropy index of 0.44. Beta diversity analysis indicated that community differences between bamboo forests and broad-leaved forests were primarily driven by nestedness, whereas those in stream-pond and farmland habitats were dominated by species turnover. The conservation priority of bamboo forests and broad-leaved forests in Tonglu was higher than that in Xiaoshan, whereas stream-pond and farmland habitats in both regions required to be protected intensively. The distribution pattern of birds was closely related to edge effects in habitat transition zones and environmental filtering. This study provides a scientific basis for regional avian diversity conservation and habitat management.